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Christians in Bangladesh: An Expanding Minority Amidst Rising Adversity

A peaceful yet resilient Christian community in Bangladesh, amidst adversity. The image shows a group of Christians gathered for a peaceful church service. (Representational Image.)

By Minority Watch—

In recent years, the situation for Christians in Bangladesh has become increasingly precarious. Despite these challenges, the Christian population continues to grow, demonstrating resilience and expansion within this marginalized community.

Rising Violence Against Christians

Violence against Christians in Bangladesh has escalated, particularly in the aftermath of political turmoil following Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s removal from office on August 5, 2024. An alarming attack occurred on Christmas Eve 2024, when 17 Christian homes in Notun Tongjhiri Tripura Para, a village in Bandarban of Chittagong Hill Tracts, were set on fire while residents attended midnight Mass. Authorities suggested that a land dispute may have been behind the assault, though the exact motive remains unclear. In response, government officials condemned the attack, provided relief to the displaced families, and strengthened security in the region.

Subal D’Costa, a Catholic activist in Dhaka, told Minority Watch that while the government has increased security, sustainable protection measures for vulnerable communities are still needed.

This attack is part of a broader trend of rising violence against religious minorities in Bangladesh. On August 6, 2024, arson targeted a church in Naogaon, where Reverend Sarbananda reported minor damage but underscored the symbolic nature of such attacks. “It’s about intimidation,” he told Minority Watch. Similarly, in the Naogaon district, small churches and Christian villages have faced sporadic violence, with many incidents tied to land disputes exacerbated by religious tensions.

Rubi Maria Chowdhury, a school teacher from Savar on the outskirts of Dhaka, recounted incidents of attacks on minorities across Bangladesh to Minority Watch. She noted that while Christians have experienced violence, it has been less severe compared to the Hindu minority.

Both Subal and Rubi believe there is a “healthy” relationship between Christians and Hindus, who represent about 9 percent of Bangladesh’s total population. They also observe that Christians and Muslims generally coexist peacefully.

Land Disputes and Religious Tensions

Land disputes have been a recurring driver of anti-Christian violence, particularly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, where indigenous Christian communities coexist with Muslim Bengali settlers. Accusations that these communities aim to establish an autonomous Christian state have fueled mistrust and prompted increased surveillance. These disputes are often exacerbated by religious undercurrents, as material conflicts take on a religious dimension elsewhere in Bangladesh as well. For instance, in Jamalpur, a Christian home was set on fire in 2014 due to a land conflict.

One of the most harrowing incidents tied to land disputes occurred in July 2014 when an armed mob stormed a Catholic convent in Dinajpur. The attackers robbed the convent, assaulted nuns and priests, and attempted to escalate the violence further. This incident underscores the intersection of land disputes and religious intolerance, which continues to threaten Christian communities.

Rise of Religious Extremism

Growing religious extremism has further exacerbated the plight of Christians in Bangladesh. Earlier, groups such as Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) and Ansarullah Bangla Team (ABT) targeted Christian leaders with threats and violence. In October 2015, JMB militants attempted to assassinate a pastor in Pabna. Although government crackdowns under Sheikh Hasina’s administration reduced such attacks, the resurgence of extremist ideologies has led to continued societal divisions, particularly in areas where religious minorities reside.

The Christian community’s resilience is evident despite these challenges. Large gatherings, such as Mass services, persist despite ongoing threats. Community initiatives and support networks continue to thrive, showcasing their determination. However, incidents like the 2001 Catholic church bombing, which killed nine people, serve as reminders of the persistent risks faced by Christians in Bangladesh.

Historical Roots and Advocacy

Christianity was introduced to Bangladesh in the 16th century by Portuguese sailors. Over time, the Catholic Church established a significant presence, advocating for minority rights and providing vital social services. The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Bangladesh (CBCB), founded in 1971, has been instrumental in these efforts.

In November 2024, CBCB representatives, led by Archbishop Bejoy N D’Cruze, met with interim government head Professor Muhammad Yunus to demand greater minority representation. The delegation emphasized the importance of constitutional reforms to protect minority rights and proposed public holidays for Christian observances such as Easter. “Recognition and inclusion are essential for a harmonious society,” D’Cruze stated.

Social Discrimination and Marginalization

Christians make up approximately 0.3% of Bangladesh’s population, according to the 2022 census. While relationships between Christians and other religious groups are generally peaceful, discrimination persists. In certain areas, Christian families face housing discrimination, and many Christians are employed in low-paying, marginalized jobs. Political instability has further intensified this marginalization.

Despite these challenges, the community remains hopeful. Catholic organizations such as Caritas Bangladesh provide education, healthcare, and other vital services to both Christian and non-Christian populations. Subal D’Costa noted that 95% of those assisted by Caritas are non-Christians, reflecting the Church’s commitment to inclusivity.

Looking Ahead

Bangladesh’s Christian community continues to grow, driven by strong educational and charitable initiatives. Activists like Rubi Maria Chowdhury and Subal D’Costa believe the Church’s good works are gaining respect among broader populations. However, they emphasize the need for greater political engagement to secure minority rights and foster inclusivity.

In the face of rising religious intolerance and political instability, Bangladesh’s Christians demonstrate remarkable resilience. Their commitment to social justice and community-building offers hope for a more inclusive future. “The challenges are immense, but so is our determination,” said Rubi. “We believe in a brighter tomorrow for all.”

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